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| Page 056 | τί: why…?
ἀφῖξαι: ἀφῖκσαι, 2s pf. ἀφικνέομαι ὦ: definite article common throughout the work for vocative, direct address πάνυ μὲν οὖν: quite certainly; πάνυ γε and μὲν οὖν are both usual affirmatives S2901 βαθύς: late; lit. ‘deep’ τὸ...φοιτᾶν: visiting; articular inf. in acc. sg. modified by διὰ; α-contract infinitive καί…καὶ: and…also; καί is a conjunction, the second one is an adverb τι…εὐεργέτηται: has been done some kindness; inner acc. (S1554); pf. pass. ὑπὸ: by; + gen. agent after passive voice |
Personal Pronouns
| Singular | Plural | ||||
| 1st person | |||||
| N | ἐγώ | I | ἡμεῖς | we | |
| G | ἐμοῦ, μου | my, of me | ἡμῶν | our | |
| D | ἐμοί, μοι | to me | ἡμῖν | to us | |
| A | μέ, με | me | ἡμᾶς | us | |
| 2nd person | |||||
| N | σύ | you | ὑμεῖς | you | |
| G | σοῦ, σου | your, of you | ὑμῶν | your, of you | |
| D | σοί, σοι | to you | ὑμῖν | to you | |
| A | σέ, σε | you | ὑμᾶς | you |
| Page 057 | εἶτα: then; inferential, expressing surprise
ἐπήγειράς: 2s non-sigmatic 1st aor. demonstrative τηλικόσ-δε (S333, 340) σιγῇ: in silence; dat. of manner (S1527) is, as often, adverbial μὰ τὸν Δία: by Zeus! ; acc. sg. Ζεύς work for vocative, direct address ἄν…ἤθελον: I would not wish; ἄν + impf. ind. expresses past potential (S1784-88) αὐτὸς: intensive pronoun (-self) modifies the understood subject 1s ἐγώ εἶναι: inf. εἰμί ἀλλὰ καὶ: but in fact; καὶ is adverbial σοῦ: partitive gen. obj. of αἰσθανόμενος θαυμάζω: I have been marvelling; after πάλαι, verb has sense of pf. progressive ὡς: how…; a relative adverb in an indirect exclamation (cf. an ind. question) (S2686) ἤγειρον: I did not wake; iterative impf ἵνα…διάγῃς: pres. subj. of purpose ὡς: as….as possible; common translation for ὡς + superlative (here adverb) καὶ: and; conjunction μὲν δή: in fact; δή strengthens affirmative καὶ: even; adverb before τοῦ τρόπου: your disposition πολὺ...μάλιστα: far the most; πολὺ, ‘far,’ is the adverb of πολύς, ‘many’ παρεστώσῃ: being at hand; fem. pf. pple ὡς: so…; demonstrative adverb; see. l. 5 |
Possessive Pronouns
| Singular | Plural | ||||
| 1st person | |||||
| ἐμός, -ή, -όν: | my, mine, 2 | ἡμέτερος, -α, -ον: | our, ours, 6 | ||
| 2nd person | |||||
| σός, -ή, -όν: | your, yours, 8 | ὑμέτερος, -α, -ον: | your, yours, 0 |
| Page 058 | καὶ γὰρ: for in fact; καὶ is adverbial
ἄν…εἴη: it would be; an + 3s opt. εἰμί is potential optative; inf. is the subject ὄντα: acc. sg. pres. pple εἰμί τελευτᾶν: α-contract verb pres. inf. καὶ ἄλλοι: others too; καὶ is adverbial οὐδὲν: not at all; adverbial acc. or inner acc.: ‘gives no relief’ demonstrative τηλικόσ-δε (S333, 340) τὸ...ἀγανακτεῖν: from…; ‘ in respect to…’ articular inf. is likely an acc. of respect μὴ οὐχὶ: not; double negative with inf. often after a negative main clause (S2742) οὐχὶ: deictic iota (-ι) adds emphasis παρούσῃ: (being) present; pple πάρειμι οὐχὶ: deictic iota suffix (-ι) adds emphasis ἔστι: are (the case) ; sg. with neut. pl. subj. τί δὴ: just why…? Why exactly…?; δὴ emphasizes and suggests precision, S2840 ἀφῖξαι: ἀφῖκσαι, 2s pf. ἀφικνέομαι ἀγγελίαν…χαλεπήν: postponing the adj. adds emphasis and emotion to the reply φέρων: nom. sg. pres. pple ἣν: which…; fem. sg. relative ἐν τοῖς: among those; art. as demon. S1099 βαρύτατα: superlative adverb ἂν ἐνέγκαιμι: would suffer; potential aor. opt. φέρω ( aor. stem ἐνεγκ) |
Personal / Intensive Pronoun / Adjective "same"
| masc. | fem. | neut. | |||||
| Singular | |||||||
| N | αὐτός | himself | αὐτή | herself | αὐτό | itself | |
| G | αὐτοῦ | his | αὐτῆς | her | αὐτοῦ | its | |
| D | αὐτῷ | to/for him | αὐτῇ | to/for her | αὐτῷ | to/for it | |
| A | αὐτόν | him | αὐτήν | her | αὐτό | it | |
| Plural | |||||||
| N | αὐτοί | they | αὐταί | they | αὐτά | they | |
| G | αὐτῶν | their | αὐτῶν | their | αὐτῶν | their | |
| D | αὐτοῖς | to/for them | αὐταῖς | to/for them | αὐτοῖς | to/for them | |
| A | αὐτούς | them | αὐτάς | them | αὐτά | them |
αὐτός is used 49 times. See page 59 for it’s various uses.
| Page 059 | τίνα ταύτην;: what is this?
ἀφῖκται: 3s pf. ἀφικνέομαι οὗ…ἀφικομένου: (at) which arriving; gen. absolute (aor. pple); οὗ is a rel. pronoun τεθνάναι: pf. act. pple θνήκσω οὔ-τοι δὴ: you know, (it) has not already arrived; not οὗτοι, ‘these;’ δὴ ‘exactly’ may be temporal: ‘already,’ or ‘now’ demonstrative τηλικόσ-δε (S333, 340) δοκεῖν μὲν μοι: as it seems to me; inf. absolute; the inf. is impersonal ἐξ ὧν: from which (reports)… ; ‘from (the reports) which…; acc. relative attracted into gen. of missing antecedent καταλιπόντες: aor. pple κατα-λείπω αὐτό: it; i.e. πλοῖον δῆλον…ὅτι: (it is) clear that…; add ἐστί δὴ: of course, in fact; emphasizes ἀνάγκη εἰς αὔριον: til tomorrow ἔσται: 3s fut. εἰμί (dep. ἔσομαι) ταύτῃ: in this way; dat. of manner φίλον: (it is) dear; + dat., add ἐστί ἔστω: let it be; 3s. imperative εἰμί οἶμαι: οἴομαι, governs ind. discourse αὐτὸ: (that) it…; acc. subject, i.e. πλοῖον πόθεν: from where (in the world)? τεκμαίρῃ: τεκμαίρε(σ)αι, 2s pres. mid |
Personal / Intensive Pronoun / Adjective "same"
| how to identify | example | translation | |||
| 1. Personal Pronoun | alone, no article | αὐτὰς, αὐτὸν | them, him | ||
| 2. Intensive Pronoun | modifies noun | αἱ γυναῖκες αὐταὶ | the women themselves | ||
| 3. Adjective “same” | following an article | αἱ γυναῖκες αἱ αὐταὶ | the same women |
| Page 060 | ἐρῶ: ἐρέω, treated as the fut. of λέγω
τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ (ἡμέρῃ): on…; dat time when που: I suppose; (D494) ἤ: than…; following ὑστεραίᾳ ‘later’ ᾗ: on (that day) ; relative, dat. time when ἂν ἔλθῃ: comes; ἄν + 3s aor. subj. ἔρχομαι, indefinite temporal clause φάσι: 3p pres. φημί γέ τοι δὴ: at any rate; γέ is restrictive and emphasized by τοι δὴ οἱ…κύριοι: those in authority over these things ἐπ-ιούσης: the coming; gen. sg fem. pple ἐπ-έρχομαι ἡμέρας: during…; gen. of time within οἶμαι: οἶομαι αὐτὸ: (that) it…; acc. subject, i.e. πλοῖον τῆς ἑτέρας (ἡμέρας): during…; see above ὃ: which…; neut. acc. relative pronoun ἑώρακα: 1s pf. ὁράω ὀλίγον: a little; acc. of extent of degree with comparative adverb πρότερον πρότερον: comparative adv. νυκτός: than…; gen. of comparison κινδυνεύεις: it looks as though you; + inf. ‘you run the risk of not waking…’ aor. inf. ἐγείρω; κινδυνεύω is often translated as ‘probably’ or ‘perhaps’ + inf. as main verb ἦν: 3s impf. εἰμί δὴ τί: just what…?; δή lends emphasis προσελθοῦσα: aor. pple ἔχουσα: wearing; fem. nom. sg. pple καλέσαι: aor. inf. governed by ἐδόκει |
| Page 061 | ἤματί…ἵκοιο: Homer, Iliad 9.363: ‘ἤματι κε τριτάτῳ Φθίην ἐρίβωλον ἱκοίμην’ spoken by Achilles, who says that he can return home to Phthia from Troy in 3 days
ἤματί…τριτάτῳ: on…; dat time when ἵκοι(σ)ο: you could arrive; κεν (ἄν) + 2s aor. opt. ἱκνέομαι is potential optative μὲν οὖν: elsewhere ‘certainly in fact;’ here a corrective: ‘no, rather’ ‘on the contrary’ ὥς γέ: so at least; restrictive in sense γε: emphasizes the preceding word, much like italics or the stress in oral speech δαιμόνιε: god-touched; in response to Socrates’ interpretation of the dream emphasized by τοι δὴ καὶ: even; adverb modifies νῦν πιθοῦ: aor. imperative πείθω + dat. σώθητι: aor. pass. imperative σῴζω ἐὰν…ἀποθάνῃς: if…; present general condition (ἐὰν + aor. subj., pres. ind.) ἂν ἔλθῃ: comes; ἄν + 3s aor. subj. ἔρχομαι, indefinite temporal clause τοῦ ἐστερῆσθαι;: from being deprived…; articular inf. (pf. pass. inf. στερέω) τοιούτου ἐπιτηδείου: from…; separation οἷον: as…; ‘which sort’ a relative which is a correlative with demosntrative adjective τοιούτου (‘this sort…which sort’ or ‘such…as’); here an accusative predicate οὐδένα μή ποτε: not ever…anyone; μὴ οὐ + fut. in a generic assertion (S2705g) ἴσασιν: 3p οἶδα, pf. but pres. in sense ὡς: since; + pple expresses alleged cause οἷος τ ᾿ ὤν: being able; ‘being the sort to’ ἂν εἴη: would be; potential 3rd sg. opt. εἰμί ταύτης: than…; gen. of comparison |
| Page 062 | περὶ πλείονος ποιεῖσθαι: consider…of more (importance) ; gen. of value (S1373)
ἢ: than; as often following a comparative πείσονται: fut. pass. (not mid.) πείθω ὡς: that αὐτὸς: yourself; intensive following σύ ἀπιέναι: inf. ἀπ-έρχομαι like italics or the stress in oral speech ἡμῶν…: (though) we…; gen. absolute is concessive in force τί: why...? ἐπιεικέστατοι: best men ὧν: whose (opinion) ; supply δόξαν ἄξιον: (it is) worthwhile; supply ἐστί a corrective: ‘no, rather’ ‘on the contrary’ αὐτὰ: that they…; i.e. ‘these matters,’ acc. subject of pf. pass. inf. πράττω; from αὐτός, where we may prefer ταῦτα ἂν πραχθῇ: 3s aor. pass. subjunctive πράττω; + ἄν indicates a supposed fact in future time (S2545) ὁρᾷς: ὁράεις, 2s present ὁράω δὴ: in fact; emphasizes the verb (D215) αὐτὰ...παρόντα: present affairs themselves are clear that…; νυνὶ: just now; deictic iota lends emphasis οἷοί τ ᾿ εἰσὶν: are able; see below σμικρότατα: superlative adj. |
οἷος τε + εἰμί = to be able/possible + epexegetical (explantatory) infinitive
| οἷος τ ᾿ ὤν | being able (being fit to) | 44c1p. 61, 46a2p. 68 | |||
| οἷοί τ ᾿ εἰσὶν | are able (are fit to) | 44d2p. 62 | |||
| οἷοι τ ᾿ εἶναι | to be able (are fit to) | 44d6, d7, d8p. 63 | |||
| οἷόν τε (ἐστί) | it is possible (it is fit to) | 46a7p. 69 | |||
| οἷοι τέ εἰσὶν | are able to (are fit to) | 48a11p. 78 | |||
| οἷοι τ ᾿ ἦσαν | were able (were fit to) | 48c5p. 80 |
οἷος can mean ‘fit,’ or ‘sort’ and + inf. translates as ‘able/possible.’ The particle τε is a connective that is untranslatable (2970). This construction is employed eight times in the Crito.
| Page 063 | ἐάν…ᾖ: if…; protasis in a present general condition (ἐάν + subj., present ind.)
διαβεβλημένος ᾖ: periphrastic 3s pf. pass. subjunctive (pf. pass. pple + εἰμί) εἰ γὰρ ὤφελον: Would that…; + inf.; εἰ γὰρ, here with impf. ὀφείλω, introduces an unattainable wish (S1780); γάρ shows approval of what was said, i.e. ‘yes, for…’ οἷοι τ᾿ εἶναι: to be able; inf. εἰμί ἵνα οἷοι τ᾿ ἦσαν: that they might have been able (to accomplish) ; ἵνα expresses purpose usually with subj. or opt. but here with past. ind. after an unfulfilled wish showing that the purpose is unfulfilled καλῶς ἂν εἶχεν: it would be good; ἔχω (holds, is disposed) + adv. is equivalent to ‘to be’ + adj.; ἄν + aor. ind. expresses past (unrealized) potential; adv. καλῶς is often translated as ‘well,’ hence the adj. ‘good’ νῦν δὲ: but as it is; often after contrary-tofact conditions and unfulfilled wishes οἷοι τε (εἰσὶν ἐργάζεσθαι): supply verbs δυνατοὶ (εἰσὶν): supply 3p pres. εἰμί ποιῆσαι: aor. inf. τοῦτο ὅτι: this...(namely) whatever… ἂν τύχωσι (ποιοῦντες): ἄν + 3p aor. subj. τυγχάνω, indefinite relative clause; τυγχάνω + pple is translated ‘happen to’ ἐχέτω: let…be; 3s imperative + neut. pl. subject; ; ἔχω (holds, is disposed) + adv. is equivalent to ‘to be’ + adj |
Common Translations of ἔχω
| ἔχω + infinitive | to be able + inf. | ἔχωμεν λέγειν p. 70 | we are able to say | ||
| ἔχω ἀποκρίνασθαι p. 87 | I am able to reply | ||||
| ἔχω λέγειν p. 106 | I am able to say | ||||
| ἔχω + adverb | to be + adjective: ‘holds, is disposed’ | καλῶς ἂν εἶχεν p. 63 | it would be good | ||
| οὕτως ἐχέτω p. 63 | let…be so | ||||
| ὧδε ἔχω p. 71 | I am so | ||||
| ὀρθῶς ἔχοντος p. 85 | being right | ||||
| καλῶς ἔχουσιν p. 89 | they are good | ||||
| οὕτως ἔχει p. 90 | it is so |
| Page 064 | εἰπέ: aor. imperative
ἆρα γε μὴ...: You are not…, are you? ; Smyth (2651) says ἆρα μὴ anticipates a ‘no’ reply (Lat. num) but Denniston (48. 50) claims ἆρα μὴ merely suggests that the affirmative is difficult to accept προμηθῃ: προμηθε(ε)σαι, 2s pres. ἐάν…ἐξελθῃς: if…; protasis in a present general condition (ἐάν + aor. subj., ind. ) ὴ...πράγματα παρέχωσιν: lest…make trouble; fearing clause (3p pres. subj.) ὡς…ἐκκλέψασιν: (on the charge) that…; the sycophants charge; 3p aor. ἀναγκασθῶμων: aor. pass. subjunctive parallel to παρέχωσιν in fearing clause ἢ…ἢ…ἢ: either…or…or ἀποβαλεῖν: aor. inf. παθεῖν: aor. inf. πάσχω πρὸς τούτοις: in addition to these things φοβῇ: φοβε(σ)αι, 2s pres. mid. ἔασον χαίρειν: dismiss; lit. ‘allow (acc.) to say farewell,’ aor. sg. imperative ἐάω ἐσμεν: 1p pres. εἰμί κινδυνεύειν: to run this risk; cognate acc. inf.; epexegetical (explanatory) inf. following δικαιοι δέῃ: 3s pres subj. δεῖ μείζω (κίνδυνον): μείζο(ν)α…; acc. sg. πείθου: sg. mid. imperative ποίει: ποίεε; sg. act. imperative |
Epexegetical (Explanatory) Infinitive
This near equivalent to an acc. of respect limits and clarifies the range of a noun or adjective.
| οἷός τ ᾿ ὤν σῴζειν | being fit to save p. 61 | ἒτοιμοι ἀναλίσκειν | ready to spend p. 65 | ||
| δίκαιοι κινδινεύειν | right to risk p. 64 | ἐπιθυμία εἰδέναι | a desire to know p. 96 |
| Page 065 | φοβοῦ: φοβε(σ)ο, sg. mid. imperative
τἀργύριον: τὸ ἀργύριον, crasis ὅ: which…; relative, neut. acc. sg. object of nom. pl. aor. pple λαμβάνω θέλουσι: ἐθέλουσι, 3p pres. σῶσαι: 1st aor. inf. σῴζω ἐξαγαγεῖν: 2nd aor. inf. ἐξ-άγω ὁρᾷς: ὁράεις, 2s α-contract verb ὡς εὐτελεῖς: how cheap these informers (are) ; proleptic use of συκοφάντας which should come after not before ὡς εὐτελεῖς οὐδὲν: not at all; inner acc. of δέοι ‘there is no need’ or adverbial acc. ἂν δέοι: there would be a need; potential opt., δέω governs a gen. of separation ἐπ᾿ αὐτοὺς: aor. inf. σῴζω σοὶ: for you; dat. of interest τι…κηδόμενος: having some care for + gen.; an inner acc. οἴει: οἴε(σ)αι, 2s pres. mid. οἴομαι τἀμά: τὰ ἐμά (χρήματα); crasis οὗτοι: these (friends are) ; Crito is talking about the friends who are not now present ἀναλίσκειν: epexegetical (explanatory) inf. governed by ἕτοιμοι κεκόμικεν: 3s pf. κομίζω ἐπὶ αὐτὸ τοῦτο: for this very (purpose) ὅπερ λέγω: just as I have been saying; the present is pf. progressive in sense μήτε…ἀποκάμῃς: prohibitive subj. (μὴ + 2s aor. subj) may be translated ‘don’t tire’ or ‘you should not tire’ + inf. |
| Page 066 | σῶσαι: 1st aor. inf. σῴζω
μήτε…γενέσθω: and don’t let it become; negative 3s aor. imperative ὅτι: (namely) that…; the entire nounclause is subject of γενέσθω of nom. pl. aor. pple λαμβάνω ἄν ἔχοις: you would know; potential opt. ὅτι: what; ὅ τι, interrogative, inner acc. of χράομαι: ‘what use you would make…’ χρῷο σαυτῷ: you would do with yourself; ‘employ yourself,’ χράοι(σ)ο is 2s pres. opt. replacing a deliberative subjunctive in secondary sequence ὅποι ἂν ἀφίκῃ: to wherever…; indefinite relative clause (ἄν + 2s aor. subj.) βούλῃ: 2s pres. mid. subj. in a general present condition (ἐάν + subj., ind.) ἰέναι: inf. ἔρχομαι εἰσὶν: 3p pres. εἰμί οἵ: who…; relative, note the accent περὶ πολλοῦ ποιήσονται: consider…of great (importance) ; gen. of value (S1373) ὥστε: so that…; result, + acc. subj .+ inf. σε μηδένα: μηδένα is acc. subj., σε, object τῶν…: of those….; partitive gen. κατὰ Θετταλίαν: in Thessaly ἔτι δέ: and furthermore; ‘and still’ δίκαιον (εἶναι)… δοκεῖς: you think unjust to…; + inf. or ‘you think (it is) not just to’ ἐπιχειρεῖν πρᾶγμα: to attempt this matter προδοῦναι: aor. inf. προδίδωμι ἐξόν σωθῆναι: (though) it being allowed to be saved; acc. absolute.; neut. pple ἔξεστι ἂν…σπεύσαιέν τε: both would be eager; aor. potential opt. σπεύδω πρὸς τούτοις: in addition to these things |
| Page 067 | τοὺς ὑεῖς: children; see Apology 34d
προδιδόναι: pres. inf. προδίδωμι οὕς: whom…; relative ἐξὸν…ἐκπαιδεῦσαι: (though) it being allowed…; acc. absolute concessive in sense.; neut. pple ἔξεστι ἐκθρέψαι: aor. inf. ἐκ-τρέφω οἰχήσῃ: οἰχήσε(σ)αι, 2s fut. οἰχέομαι καταλιπών: nom. aor. pple καταλείπω τὸν σὸν μέρος: on your part; acc. respect ὅτι ἂν τύχωσι (πράττοντες): whatever (the children) happen to accomplish; indefinite relative clause (ἄν+ aor. subj); τυγχάνω governs a complementary pple, here missing; the antecedent is τοῦτο τοῦτο πράξουσιν: this they will accomplish; i.e. ‘they will fare in this way in which they happen to fare’ fut. πράττω τεύξομαι: they will attain; + gen; i.e. “hit upon’ fut. τυγχάνω τοιούτων οἷάπερ: such as; correlative εἴωθεν: it is customary; pf. ἔθω ποιεῖσθαι: to consider καὶ...καὶ: both…and τὰ ῥᾳθυμότατα: superlative adverb αἱρεῖσθαι: to choose; pres. mid. inf. ἂν…ἕλοιτο: would choose; potential opt., aor. mid. αἱρέω φάσκοντά γε δὴ: (you) accustomed to claiming certainly; δὴ strengthens γε (D245); σκ suggests iterative/customary action |
| Page 068 | δόξῃ: lest the entire matter may seem; 3s aor. subj. in a fearing clause
ἀνανδρίᾳ…ἡμετέρᾳ: because of…; dat. of cause πεπρᾶχθαι: pf. pass. inf. πράττω καὶ...καὶ...καὶ: both…and…and δίκης: legal case ὡς εἰσῆλθεν: when (the case) entered ἔξον…εἰσελθεῖν: (though) it being possible not to enter (the case) ; acc. abs. is concessive in force; neut. pple ἔξεστι ἀγών: the trial ὡς: see line 3 parallel above τελευταῖον: finally; adverbial acc. τουτί: this; deictic iota gives emphasis κακίᾳ…ἡμετέρᾳ: dat. cause, see line 2 δοκεῖν: (namely) that we seem…; in apposition to τουτί; ἡμᾶς is acc. subject οἵτινές: who…; antecedent ἡμᾶς οἷον τε ὂν: (though) it being possible…; acc. abs.; neuter. sg. pres. pple εἰμί εἴ…ἦν: if we were good for anything at all; lit. ‘if our use was even something small,’ καὶ ‘even’ is adverbial; ἡμῶν is subjective gen. of ὄφελος (if we profited Socrates) ταῦτα: in respect to…; acc. respect ὅρα μὴ: see (to it) that…; fearing clause with 3s pres. subj. εἰμί (S2220) καὶ...ᾖ: (these things) also be shameful; supply neuter pl. subject for 3s verb βουλεύου: sg. mid. imperative ὥρα: (it is) time…; infinitives are subject μία δὲ βουλὴ: and there is…; supply verb |
| Page 069 | ἐπ-ιούσης: coming; pple ἐπ-έρχομαι
νυκτὸς: during…; gen. of time within πεπρᾶχθαι: pf. pass. inf. πράττω ἀδύνατον: supply verb ἐστί οἷόν τε (ἐστί): (it is) possible; ‘is the sort,’ neut. sg., οἷος τε + εἰμί is an idiom παντὶ τρόπῳ: in every way; dat. manner πείθου: sg. mid. imperative πείθω ποίει: ποίεε; sg. act. imperative ἡ προθυμία: your eagerness (would be) ; supply ἂν εἴη, potential opt. to complete this future less vivid (εἰ opt., ἄν opt.) εἴη: (it) should be; 3s opt. εἰμί, protasis of the future less vivid conditions ὅσῳ…τοσούτῳ…: by as much much…(it is)…by so much…(it would be) ; relative and demonstrative, correlatives; both dat. of degree of difference with comparatives ὅσῳ μείζων: relative clause; supply verb χαλεπωτέρα: predicate; supply linking verb and ἡ προθυμία as subject πρακτέον: (we) must do these things; ‘(it is) to be done,’ verbal adj. + εἰμί suggests necessity or obligation; often with dat. of agent (supply ἡμῖν); here, the construction is impersonal and takes an acc. obj. (2152) ὡς ἐγὼ: since I (am)… ; causal in sense οὐ νῦν πρῶτον ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀεὶ: not now for the first time but in fact always; πρῶτον is adverbial acc.; καὶ is adverbial οἷος…πείθεσθαι: so as to obey…; + dat. ‘which sort (is) to obey,’ relative; epexegetic (explanatory) mid. inf. τῶν ἐμῶν: of my own; partitive gen. ἢ: than; ὃς ἄν: whatever…; ἄν + subj. in an indefinite relative clause |
| Page 070 | ἐκβαλεῖν: aor. inf. ἐκβάλλω
ἡ τύχη: misfortune γέγονεν: 3s pf. γίγνομαι σχεδὸν τι: just about, almost τοὺς αὐτοὺς: the same (ones); as often when αὐτός is attributive (follows article) οὕσπερ: just as; ‘which very ones (I honored)’; relative, supply form of τιμάω πρότερον: comparative adverb ὧν: than which; gen. of comparison βελτίω: better things; βελτίο(ν)α; acc. pl. ἔχωμεν: we are able; common idiom for ἔχω + inf.; 1p subj. in mixed condition παρόντι: present (time) ; pple πάρ-ειμι ἴσθι: sg. imperative οἶδα οὐ μή: not; a strong denial + fut. (S2755) πλείω: more; πλείο(ν)α; acc. neuter pl. inner acc. ‘give us more frights’ παρόντων: than (those)… ; gen. of comparison; see line 2 above, πάρ-ειμι ἐπιπέμπουσα: fem. pple modifies δύναμις ἀφαιρέσεις: acc. pl. ἀφ-αιρέσις ἂν…σκοποίμεθα: should we consider; fut. less vivid ‘should, would (εἰ opt, ἄν + opt) μετριώτατα: superlative adverb αὐτά: them; neuter acc. pl. ἀναλάβοιμεν: we should…; aor. opt. see 6 of the future less vivid conditions λέγεις: you have been saying; the present is pf. progressive in sense πότερον…ἢ: πότερον is left untranslated καλῶς: well |
| Page 071 | ταῖς μὲν…ταῖς δὲ: to some…to others; dat. of compound verb προσέχειν
τῶν δοξῶν: partitive gen. with ταῖς πρὶν μὲν…νῦν δὲ: previously…but now ἐμὲ...ἀποθνῄσκειν: that it is necessary that; + acc. + inf., subject of ἐλέγετο ἐλέγετο: it was said; inf. δεῖν is subject ἄρα: it seems, then; particle is inferential ἄλλως: poorly; ‘otherwise,’ in contrast to καλῶς it means ‘not well’ or ‘poorly’ ἕνεκα λόγου: for the sake of (idle) speech; i.e. Socrates complains that they should not treat the earlier arguments as something said but not followed ἤν: it was; impf. εἰμί ὡς ἀληθῶς: truly ἐπισκέψασθαι: aor. inf. ἐπι-σκοπέω, which takes its non-present tenses from the verb ἐπισκέπτομαι κοινῇ: in common τί: at all; acc. extent of degree with adj. φανεῖται: fut. φαίνομαι (fut. stem φανε) ἔχω: ἔχω (holds, is disposed) + adv. is often translated as ‘to be’ + adjective ἢ…ἢ: either…or ὁ αὐτός: (it is) the same; a predicate ἐάσομεν χαίρειν: will we dismiss; lit. ‘allow (acc.) to say farewell,’ 1p aor. πεισόμεθα: fut. mid. πείθω + dat. ἐγᾦμαι: I suppose; crasis, ἐγὼ οἶμαι ὑπὸ: by those thinking…; gen. of agent τὶ λέγειν: to say something (important) τῶν δοξῶν ἅς: among the opinions which δέοι: it was necessary; opt. ind. discourse replaces an indicative in secondary seq. περὶ πολλοῦ ποιεῖσθαι: to consider (acc) of great (importance) ; gen. value (S1373) |
| Page 072 | τοῦτο: subject, λέγεσθαι is pass. inf.
πρὸς θεῶν: by the gods! ; ‘from the gods’ in exclamation rather than gen. agent ὅσα γε τἀνθρώπεια: so far as (they are) human affairs at least; ὂσα is adverbial, τὰ ἀνθρώπεια is neuter plural εἶ: 2s pres. εἰμί, ἐκτὸς is predicative τοῦ μέλλειν: of going to: + fut. inf. an articular infinitive governed by ἐκτὸς + acc. + inf., subject of ἐλέγετο ἂν…παρακρούοι: would lead astray.. ; ‘strike aside,’ potential opt. παροῦσα: fem. pple πάρειμι σκόπει: σκόπεε; sg. imperative δὴ: just; emphasizing the imperative τιμᾶν: inf. α-contract τὰς μὲν…τὰς δὲ: some…others; δόξας τῶν μὲν…τῶν δὲ: of some…of others; ἀνθρώπων φῄς: 2s pres. φημί οὐχὶ: deictic iota (-ι) adds emphasis καλῶς: well λέγεται: 3s pass. with neut. pl. subject τιμᾶν: (is it necessary) to honor; add δεῖ χρηστὰς, πονηρὰς: i.e. δόξας |
| Types of Conditions | Protasis (if-clause) | Apodosis (then-clause) | ||
| Simple Present, Simple Past | εἰ + any indicative | any indicative | ||
| εἰ ταῦτα ποιεῖς, καλῶς ποιεῖς. | ||||
| If you do this, you do well. | ||||
| Present General (Indefinite) | ἐάν + subjunctive (if ever) | present indicative | ||
| ἐὰν ταῦτα ποιῇς, καλῶς ποιεῖς. | ||||
| If (ever) you do this, you do well. | ||||
| Past General (Indefinite) | εἰ + optative (if ever) | past indicative | ||
| εἰ ταῦτα ποιοίης, καλῶς ἐποίεις. | ||||
| If (ever) you did this, you did well. |
| Page 073 | χρησταὶ, πονηραὶ: predicates; add verb
φέρε δή: come now! ; ‘carry on now,’ imperative often used to draw attention ἐλέγετο: were said; iterative impf., easier to express in the active: ‘we used to say’ πότερον…ἢ: πότερον is left untranslated ἐπαίνῳ…δόξῃ: to the…; dat. object of the compound verb προσέχει τὸν νοῦν προσέχει: i.e. pay attention ἑνὸς: of one…; gen. sg. εἷς τυγχάνῃ…ὤν: happen to be; ἄν + 3s pres. subj. in an indefinite relative clause; ὤν is a complementary pple, nom. sg. εἰμί ἑνὸς: of one…; gen. sg. εἷς |
| Future More Vivid | ἐάν + subjunctive | future indicative | ||
| ἐὰν ταῦτα ποιῇς, καλῶς ποιήσεις. | ||||
| If you do this, you will do well. | ||||
| Future Less Vivid | εἰ + optative (should) | ἄν + optative (would) | ||
| εἰ ταῦτα ποιοίης, καλῶς ἄν ποιοίης. | ||||
| If you should do this, you would do well. | ||||
| Present Contrary-to-Fact | εἰ + impf. ind. (were) | ἄν + impf. ind. (would) | ||
| εἰ ταῦτα ἐποίεις, καλῶς ἄν ἐποίεις. | ||||
| If you were doing this, you would be doing well. | ||||
| Past Contrary-to-Fact | εἰ + aor. ind. (had) | ἄν + aor. ind (would have) | ||
| εἰ ταῦτα ἐποίησας, καλῶς ἄν ἐποίησας. | ||||
| If you had done this, you would have done well. |
| Page 074 | δῆλα δή: quite clearly; ‘(it is) quite clear’
ταύτῃ: in this way; dat. of manner αυτῷ: by him; dat. of agent with verbal adjective (see below) πρακτέον…ποτέον: see below γε: emphasizes preceding word ᾗ: in whichever way…; relative, dat. of manner correlative with ταύτῃ ἂν…δοκῇ: it seems best; 3s subj. in an indefinite relative clause τῷ ἑνὶ: to the one; dat. sg. εἷς τῷ…ἐπαΐοντι: in apposition to τῷ ἑνὶ μᾶλλον ἢ: rather than ᾗ: in whichever way (it seems best) ἔστι: are (the case) ; sg. with neut. pl. subj. εἶεν: well! ; particle from opt. εἰμί ‘let it be’ πείσεται: fut. πάσχω πῶς γὰρ οὔ;: how could he not?; πῶς γὰρ expresses impossibility and surprise |
Verbal Adjectives Ending in -τέος, -τέα, -τέον
Along with εἰμί and a dative of agent, these verbal adjectives express necessity or obligation. Often the construction is impersonal, and the form of εἰμί or the dative is omitted. In translation, we often make the dative of agent the subject of an active verb. (2149-2152, 944)
| πρακτέον ἐστὶν ἡμῖν p. 69 | it is to be done by us | › | we must/ought to do |
| πρακτέον αὐτῷ p. 74 | he must do | ἀδικητέον εἶναι p. 82 | we must wrong | |
| γυμναστέον αὐτῷ p. 74 | he must train | ποιητέον p. 86 twice | we must consider | |
| ἐδεστέον αὐτῷ p. 74 | he must eat | ἐξαπατητέον p. 86 | he must deceive | |
| ποτέον αὐτῷ p. 74 | he must drink | ποιητέον p. 92 twice | you must deceive | |
| φροντιστέον ἡμῖν p. 77 | we must consider | ὑπεικτέον p. 92 | you must yield | |
| ποιητέον p. 79 | we must consider | ἀναχωρητέον p. 72 | you must withdrawn | |
| σκεπτέον ᾖ p. 80 | we must examine | λειπτέον p. 92 | you must abandoned |
| Page 075 | εἰς τί τῶν: onto what (of) part of the one disobeying; τῶν is partitive, cf. 46b5
δῆλον ὅτι: (it is) clear that; or ‘clearly’ διόλλυσι: 3s pres. δι-όλλυμι καλῶς: well καὶ τἆλλα: and in other matters; crasis, τὰ ἄλλα is neuter pl. acc. of respect ἵνα μὴ: so that…may not; negative purpose clause; subjunctive δι-έρχομαι καὶ δὴ καὶ: in particular; ‘and in fact also’ ὧν: which…; relative pronoun πότερον…ἢ: no need to translate πότερον τῇ…δόξῃ: dat. obj. of pres. inf. ἕπομαι αὐτὴν: it; i.e. fem. sg. δόξῃ τῇ τοῦ ἑνός: that of one; assume δόξῃ ὃν: whom…; relative, object of infinitives ᾧ: whom…; dat. object of ἀκολουθέω |
| Indefinite (or General) Clauses | ||||
| relative | ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι + ἄν + subj. | ὅ τι ἄν ποιῇ | whatever she does... | |
| temporal | ἐπειδάν, ὅταν, ἕως ἄν + subj. | ἐπειδάν ποιῇ | whenever she does… | |
| conditional | ἐάν + subj. | ἐάν ποιῇ | if ever she does… | |
| Potential Optative | ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς + subj. | ἵνα ποιῇ | so that (in order that)... | |
| Fearing Clauses | ἄν + past indicative | ἄν ἐποίησε | she would have done… |
| Page 076 | διαφθεροῦμεν: future
ἐκεῖνο…ὅ: that which… τῷ δικαίῳ: by the right, just; dat. means ἐγίγνετο: was made; βέλτιον is predicate τῷ ἀδίκῳ: by the wrong, unjust; means ἀπώλλυτο: impf. pass. ἀπ-όλλυμι οἶμαι: οἴομαι φέρε δή: come now! ; ‘carry on now,’ an imperative often used to draw attention ἐὰν…διολέσωμεν: if we destroy; aor. subj. δι-όλλυμι in a present general condition (ἐὰν+ subj., pres. ind.) τὸ...γιγνόμενον…δὲ διαφθειρόμενον: the thing becoming….but being corrupted… ὑπὸ...: because of…; gen. of cause πειθόμενοι μὴ: if not…; pple is conditional is sense; hence μὴ instead of οὐ (S2728) ἆρα: untranslated, begins yes/no question ἡμῖν: impf. pass. ἀπ-όλλυμι διεφθαρμένου αὐτοῦ: with it being corrupted; gen. abs., pf. pass. pple οὐχί: deictic iota lends extra emphasis ἆρ ᾿: ἆρα, as above διεφθαρμένου: pf. pass. pple διαφθείρω |
Common Uses of Subjunctive in Independent Clauses
| Hortatory (1p subj.) | ||||
| πειρὡμεθα | let us attempt 48c2 p. 79 | |||
| σκοπῶμεν | let us examine 48d8 p. 81 | |||
| ἀρχώμεθα | let us begin 49d6 p. 85 | |||
| πράττωμεν | let us do 54e1 p. 106 | |||
| Prohibitive (μή + aor. subj.) | ||||
| μήτε…ἀποκάμῃς | do not tire! / you should not tire! 45b6 p. 65 | |||
| μή…πείσῃ | do not let Crito persuade! 54c8-d1 p. 105 | |||
| Deliberative (subj. in direct question) | ||||
| τί δρῶμεν | what are we to do? 48d7 p. 81 | |||
| τί φῶμεν | what are we to say? 48d7 p. 98 | |||
| Page 077 | μετ ᾿: with…; μετὰ + gen.
ἄρ ᾿: ἄρα βιωτὸν: supply ἐστί διεφθαρμένου: pf. pass. pple with ἐκείνου ᾧ: which; dat. obj. of λωβᾶται, ὀνίνησιν τὸ ἄδικον: the unjust, wrong; substantive τὸ δίκαιον: the just, the right φαυλότερον: pred. adjective after εἶναι τοῦ σώματος: than…; gen. comparison ἐκείνο: acc. subj. of εἶναι, inf. of εἰμί ὅτι: which; ὅ τι περὶ ὃ: with regard to which τιμιώτερον: in contrast to φαυλότερον πολύ γε: yes, far (more honorable) ; πολύ is adverbial acc. or acc. extent of degree, supply τιμιώτερον οὐκ…πάνυ: not at all; ‘exceedingly not’ ἡμῖν: by us; dat. of agent with verbal adj. φροντιστέον: it must be considered; verbal adj. + missing εἰμι expresses necessity or obligation 47b9 ἐροῦσιν: 3p ἐρέω (used as fut. λέγω) |
Common Uses of the Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses
| Indefinite (or General) Clauses | ||||||
| relative | ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι + ἄν + subj. | ὅ τι ἄν ποιῇ | whatever she does... | |||
| temporal | ἐπειδάν, ὅταν, ἕως ἄν + subj. | ἐπειδάν ποιῇ | whenever she does… | |||
| conditional | ἐάν + subj. | ἐάν ποιῇ | if ever she does… | |||
| Purpose Clause | ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς + subj. | ἵνα ποιῇ | so that (in order that)... | |||
| Fearing Clause | μὴ + subj. | μὴ ποιῇ | lest she does… | |||
| Page 078 | ὁ εἷς: the one
αὐτὴ: itself; intensive πρῶτον: at first; adverbial acc. ταύτῃ: in this way; dat. of manner εἰσηγῇ: εἰσ-ηγέεσαι 2s pres. mid. τῆς…δόξης: gen. object of φροντίζειν δεῖν: that it is necessary; ind. discourse following pple εἰσηγούμενος ἀλλὰ μὲν δή: but of course; in contrast (D394); μὲν δή suggest positive certainty φαίη γ ᾿ ἄν τις: one might say; potential 3s pres. opt. φημί οἷοι τέ εἰσιν: they are able; ‘are the sort,’ neut. sg., οἷος τε + εἰμί (3p) is idiom ἀποκτεινύναι: pres. inf. δῆλα δὴ: (are) quite clear; supply ἐστί καὶ: also; adverbial φαίη γὰρ ἄν: for one would say (this) ; Crito agrees by repeating Socrates’ words ἀληθῆ: the truth; ἀληθέα, ‘truth things’ ὃν: which…; relative διεληλύθαμεν: 1p pf. δι-έρχομαι ὅμοιος…καὶ: same as; καί (as) often follows adjs. of likeness (S1501) πρότερον: comparative adverb |
Optatives may Replace Subjunctives in Subordinate Clauses
In secondary sequence an optative may replace a subj. (with/out ἄν) in a subordinate clause.
| Indefinite | subjunctive | optative | |||||
| relative | ὅ τι ἄν ποιῇ | › | ὅ τι ποιοῖ | whatever she did | |||
| temporal | ἐπειδὰν ποιῇ | › | ἐπειδὴ ποιοῖ | whenever she did | |||
| conditional | ἐὰν ποιῇ | › | εἰ ποιοῖ | if ever she did | |||
| Purpose | ἴνα ποιῇ | › | ἴνα ποιοῖ | so that she might do… | |||
| Fearing | μὴ ποιῇ | › | μὴ ποιοῖ | lest she (might) do… | |||
| Page 079 | σκόπει: σκόπεε; sg. imperative
εἰ: whether μένει…ὅτι: (it) abides…(namely) that τὸ ζῆν: to live; articular infinitive, ζάω, is acc. object of impersonal ποιητέον περὶ πλείστου: of the greatest (importance) ; gen. of value ποιητέον: we must consider; ‘(it is) to be considered (by us); verbal adj., add ἐστί τὸ...(ζῆν) ὅτι…ἐστιν: that to (live)….is the same; lit. ‘to live…that it is the same,’ the articular infinitive (add ζῆν) is the subject; an example of prolepsis (anticipation): in this case the subject of ἐστιν is outside the ὅτι clause; μένει: abides; the ὅτι clause is subject ὁμολογουμένων: the (things) agreed on σκεπτέον: we must examine; ‘(it is) to be examined (by us); verbal adj., add ἐστί πότερον…ἢ: leave πότερον untranslated δίκαιον: (it is) right, (it is) just; add verb ἐξίεναι: inf. ἐξ-έρχομαι μὴ ἀφιέντων Ἀθηναίων: if the Athenian do not... ; gen. absolute, the μὴ indicates it is conditional in sense; pres. pple ἀφ-ίημι φαίνηται: pres. subj. in a mixed condition πειρώμεθα: let us…; hortatory subjunctive ἐῶμεν: let us let it be; hortatory subj. ἐάω ἃς…: which…; σκέψεις is the antecedent τὰς σκέψεις: as for the considerations; ‘in respect to…’ acc. of respect |
φημί, φήσω37,39, ἔφησα: to say, claim
| Present | Imperfect | Subjunctive | Optative | |||||||
| 1st | φημί | φαμέν28-29,40-1 | ἔφην | ἔφαμεν | φῶ | φῶμεν44 | φαίην | φαῖμεν | ||
| 2nd | φῄς18,45 | φατέ | ἔφης (or ἔφησθα43) | ἔφατε | φῇς | φῆτε | φαίης | φαίητε | ||
| 3rd | φησί(ν) | φᾱσί(ν)6,29-30 | ἔφη | ἔφασαν | φῇ | φῶσι | φαίη24 | φαῖεν42 | ||
| Inf. | φάναι | |||||||||
(Superscript denotes page number in Steadman's book)
| Page 080 | μὴ...ᾖ: perhaps these are the speculations; μὴ + subjunctive in main clause (here, 3s subj. εἰμι) expresses doubtful assertion (S1801), a construction used mainly by Plato and twice more below
ὡς ἀληθῶς: truly; ‘thus truly’ ἀναβιωσκομένων γ ᾿ ἂν: bringing (them) back to life; ἂν + pple is equivalent here to a ἄν + past ind. (past potential): ‘who would bring them back again’ οἷοι τ᾿ ἦσαν: οἷος τε + εἰμί (here impf.) is an idiom equivalent to ‘to be able’ οὐδενὶ ξὺν νῷ: σὺν οὐδενὶ νῷ; dat. νοῦς ἡμῖν: by us; dat. agent with verbal adj. αἱρεῖ: wins out; ‘overtakes’ or ‘takes over’ μὴ..σκεπτέον ᾖ: perhaps we must examine; μὴ + subjunctive in main clause (here, 3s subj. εἰμί) expresses doubtful assertion; ‘perhaps it is to be examined’; verbal adj. + ἐιμί expressing obligation + dat. agent ἢ: than; following ἄλλο πότερον…ἢ: leave πότερον untranslated τελοῦντες: paying τούτοις τοῖς…ἐξάξουσιν: to these…; dat. pl. fut. pple (going to…) ἐξ-άγω καὶ χάριτας: acc. obj. of τελοῦντες τῇ ἀληθείᾳ: in truth; adverbial κἂν: even if…; crasis, καὶ ἐὰν + pres. subj. in a present general condition φαινώμεθα: appear to; + pple μὴ οὐ...δεῄ: perhaps it is necessary not…; μὴ + subjunctive in main clause (here, 3s subj. δεῖ) expresses doubtful assertion (S1801); μὴ is a doubtful assertaion and μὴ οὐ, as above, is a negative negation οὔτε…οὔτε: both…and; following μὴ οὐ |
| Page 081 | ἄγοντας: keeping
ὁτιοῦν: whatsoever πρὸ: instead of; + articular infinitive καλῶς: well ὅρα: ὄραε, sg. imperative δρῶμεν: are we to do; deliberative subj. σκοπῶμεν: let us…; hortatory subjunctive κοινῇ: in common; dat. of manners ἔχεις: you are able ἐμοῦ λέγοντος: gen. absolute πείσομαι: fut. mid. πείθω παῦσαι: 1st aor. imperative, παύω αὐτὸν: the same; attributive position ὡς: (namely) that; apposition to λόγον ἀκόντων Ἀθηναίων: although…; gen. abs. concessive in sense ἀπιέναι: inf. ἀπ-έρχομαι περὶ πολλοῦ ποιοῦμαι: consider of great (importance) ; gen. of value (S1373) πείσας σε: nom. sg. aor. pple πείθω ταῦτα πράττειν: governed by ποιοῦμαι μὴ ἄκοντος (σοῦ): if... ; gen. abs. (supply σοῦ), μὴ suggests it is conditional in sense ὅρα…δὴ: just see, see now; ὄραε, sg. imperative, δὴ is emphatic (D217) τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐάν: whether the beginning…; lit. ‘the beginning, whether (it)…’ an example of prolepsis: make the acc. the subject within the conditional σοι: to you; dat. reference πειρῶ: πειρά(σ)ο, 2s mid imperative τὸ ἐρωτώμενον: the thing…; pass. pple ᾗ: in whatever way; relative, dat. manner οἴῃ: 2s pres. subj. οἴομαι + αν in a general relative clause |
| Page 082 | πειράσομαι: future
οὐδενὶ τρόπῳ: in…; dat. of manner φαμὲν: 1p pres. φημί ἑκόντας: (we) unwilling; agrees with missing accusative subject ἀδικητέον εἶναι: we must do wrong; ‘is to be wronged; verbal adj. + εἰμί ῾(inf.) in ind. discourse ἢ…ἢ: either…or τινὶ μὲν….πρόπῳ…τινὶ δὲ: in some ways…in other ways; dat. of manner τό γε ἀδικεῖν: articular subject; add ἐστί ὡς: just as, as ἡμῖν: with us, by us; dat. of assocation ἐν…χρόνῳ: in former times ὡμολογήθη: 3s aor. pass. ἡμῖν: by us; dat. of assocation governed by ὁμολογίαι ἐκκεχυμέναι εἰσίν: periphrastic pf. pass. (pf. pass. pple ἐκ-χέω+ 3rd pl. pres εἰμι) τηλικοίδε γέροντες ἄνδρες: (we) old men of this age; assume 1st pl. subject πρὸς ἀλλήλους: with one another σπουδῇ: earnestly, seriously; ‘in earnest, in seriousness’ dat. of manner ἐλάθομεν: 1p aor, λανθάνω ἡμᾶς…διαφέροντες: that we…differ; ind. discourse παίδων: from…; gen. of comparison οὐδὲν: not at all; inner acc. ‘no difference’ παντὸς μᾶλλον: more than anything; ‘more than everything’ gen. comparison ἔχει: it is; ‘holds’ + adv. is often translated as ‘to be’ + adjective |
| Page 083 | φασὶν: 3p pres. φημί
τῶνδε: that these; gen. of comparison χαλεπώτερα: neuter pl. comparative καὶ: even; adverbal πρᾳότερα: neuter pl. comparative τό γε ἀδικεῖν: articular subject́ καὶ...καὶ: both…and τυγχάνει ὂν: happen to be; neut. sg. complementary pple. εἰμί παντὶ τρόπῳ: in…; dat. of manner φαμὲν: 1p pres. φημί οὐ δῆτα: certainly not; expresses approval of the negation in the previous statement ἀδικούμενον: (one) being wronged; acc. subject of ἀνταδικεῖν ἀνταδικεῖν: supply δεῖ ὡς: as οὐ φαίνεται: no, it appears; as above, expresses approval of previous negation |
Cases that Accompany Comparative Adjectives (1063-93)
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative | |
| χαλεπός, ή, όν | χαλεπώτερος, ᾱ, ον | χαλεπώτατος, η, ον | |
| difficult | more difficult | most difficult |
Gen. of Comparison can replace ἤ (than) + object. Supply ‘than’ in translation. (1431)
δεῖ χαλεπώτερα πάσχειν τῶνδε.
It is necessary to suffer more difficult things than these.
Dat. of Degree of Difference is the amount by which the two groups in the comparison
differ. (1513)
δεῖ πολλῷ χαλεπώτερα...
It is necessary to suffer much more difficult things
Acc. of Extent of Degree, a type of adverbial acc., can replace the dative. (1514,-86,1609)
δεῖ πολὺ χαλεπώτερα...
It is necessary to suffer much more difficult things
| Page 084 | τί δὲ δή: Well, what then? ; δὴ ‘then’ is inferential not emphatic (S2846); τί δὲ similar to τί δαί (S2848, D263)
τί δὲ: well, what?, What (now)? ἀντικακουργεῖν: this acc.-infinitive is subject of δίκαιον (ἐστι) below πάσχοντα: modifies missing acc. subj. (supply ‘one’ as subject of the inf.) φασιν: 3p pres. φημί δίκαιον: (is it) right…? (is it) just…? τὸ...ποιεῖν: to treat…; articular inf., a common translation for ποιέω when governed by an adverb τοῦ ἀδικεῖν: from…; articular inf., here a gen. of comparison governed by διαφέρει ἀληθῆ: the truth; ἀληθέα, ‘true things’ ποιεῖν: to treat…; see note 7 above οὐδὲ ἂν: not even if…; ἂν is a contracted form of ἐὰν + 3s pres. subj. in a present general condition ὁτιοῦν: whatsoever; neut. acc. ὑπὸ: by, at the hands of; gen. of agent ὅρα: ὅραε, sg. imperative d1 ὅπως μὴ: that…not; clause of effort often governs fut. ind. but here a pres. subj. παρὰ δόξαν: contrary to opinion |
Translating Participles and Absolutes
Participles and absolutes may be translated a variety of ways depending on their use in the
sentence. If they describe the circumstances of the main action, they are circumstantial in sense;
if they describe the causes, causal in sense, etc. Below are the main categories for translation:
| sense of pple or absolute | κακῶς πάσχοντα (49c4) | ἐμοῦ λέγοντος (48e1) | |
| Circumstantial | (when/while) suffering badly | (when/while) I am talking | |
| Causal | (since/because) suffering badly | (since) I am talking | |
| Concessive/Adversative | (although) suffering badly | (although) I am talking | |
| Conditional | (if) suffering badly | (if) I am talking |
| Page 085 | ὀλίγοις τισὶ: to some few; dat. reference
καὶ δοκεῖ: both…seems (good) ; pl. subject οἷς…οἷς: to whom…; antecedent τούτοις δέδοκται: pf. mid. δοκέω τούτοις: dat. of possession: ‘to these there is’ or ‘these have…’ ἀνάγκη: (it is) necessary; supply verb τούτους: acc. subject of καταφρονεῖν καταφρονεῖν: verbs of accusing and condemnation govern gen. of person σκόπει: σκόπεε, sg. imperative δὴ: just; often emphasizes an imperative καὶ σὺ εὖ μάλα: and you (consider) very well; assume σκόπει again for emphasis πότερον…σοι: whether…; ind. question ἀρχώμεθα: let us…; hortatory subjunctive ὡς: that…; governed by βουλευόμενοι οὐδέποτε ὀρθῶς ἔχοντος…τοῦ ἀδικεῖν…τοῦ ἀνταδικεῖν. . (τοῦ) ἀμύνεσθαι: it is right…; gen. abs. (the other part is a series of articular infs.); ἔχω (holds) + adv. is translated as ‘to be’ + adj. οὔτε…(τοῦ)…ἀμύνεσθαι: supply τοῦ to make the articular inf. parallel to the others κακῶς πάσχοντα: modifies missing acc. subject of ἀμυνέσθαι ἀντιδρῶντα: by…; pple is causal in sense ἀφίστασαι: do you disagree? ; ‘do you revolt from’ 2s mid. pres. ἀφίστημι ἀρχῆς: the beginning; i.e. of the examination; partitive gen. καὶ...καὶ: both…and πῃ ἄλλῃ: in…; dative of manner λέγε καὶ δίδασκε: imperative τοῖς πρόσθε: the previous (arguments) ; dat. of compound verb ἐμ-μένεις |
| Page 086 | τὸ μετὰ: the next thing; ‘the one after’
ἀλλ ᾿: well; in assent, often short in Plato and repeating words (S2784a, D16, 20) ἀλλὰ: come now; ‘but…’ often before an imperative it suggests impatience (S2784c) δὴ: now; temporal (S2845) τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο: see above μᾶλλον δ ᾿: but rather πότερον…ἢ: ….or…?; leave πότερον untranslated ἃ: whichever…; general relative clause (relative + ἄν + subjunctive, here aor.) τῷ: with someone; indefinite, alternative to dat. sg. τινί, here dat. of association ὄντα: acc. neut. pl. pple εἰμί ποιητέον: must he consider; ‘(is it) to be considered (by him); verbal adj. add ἐστί ἐξαπατητέον: must he deceive; ‘(is it) to be deceived (by him); verbal adj. + ἐστί ἄθρει: ἄθρεε, sg. imperative ε-contract ἀπίοντες: nom. pl. pres. pple ἀπέρχομαι μὴ πείσαντες: if not persuading…; aor. πείθω; μή indicates the pple is conditional πότερον…ἢ: whether…or τινας: some; indefinite ποιοῦμεν: we treat; pres. καταφρονεῖν καὶ ταῦτα: and what is more; ‘and in respect to these things’ acc. of respect οὓς ἥκιστα δεῖ (κακῶς ποιεῖν): (those) whom we least ought to treat badly; a clarification of τινας above; ἥκιστα is a superlative adverb οἷς: (those things) which; an acc. plural (see 49e6); acc. neut. pl. relative attracted into the dat. of the missing antecedent δικαίοις οὖσιν: dat. pl. pple εἰμί modifies οἷς and should likewise be acc. see line 3 above and 49e6 |
ἔρομαι vs. ἐρέω: often confused, the voice will distinguish these two verbs.
| 1st | ἔρομαι | ἐρόμεθα | I ask | ἐρῶ | ἐροῦμεν | I will say | |
| 2nd | ἔρεσαι | ἔρεσθε | ἐρεῖς | ἐρεῖτε | |||
| 3rd | ἔρεται | ἔρονται | ἐρεῖ | ἐροῦσιν |
ἔρομαι occurs once (50a8). ἐρέω, 7 times, is treated as the future of the verb λέγω
| Page 087 | ἔχω: I am able; as often with an infinitive
πρὸς ὃ: regarding what; ‘regarding (that) which’ the antecedent is missing ἐρωτᾷς: ἐρωτάεις, 2s α-contract σκόπει: σκόπεε, sg. imperative μέλλουσιν: dat. pl. pple μέλλω pple ἡμῖν: for us; dat. interest or dat. of compound verb ἐπισταν́τες: ‘over us’ εἴτε…εἴθ ᾿: either…or εἴθ ᾿ ὅπως…τοῦτο: or however one ought call it; aor. ὀνομάζω ἐλθόντες: nom. pl. aor. pple ἔρχομαι τὸ κοινὸν: the common (wealth) ἐπιστάντες: standing over; pple, common way in Homer of depicting the gods who appeared to humans in dreams and visions ἔροιντο: should…; opt. ἔρομαι, protasis in future less vivid condition (εἰ opt, ἄν opt) εἴπε: sg. imperative εἶπον ἐν νῷ: in mind; dat. sg. νοῦς ἄλλο τί ἤ: is it anything else than? ; (2652) τούτῳ…ἔργῳ: by…;dat. of means ᾧ: which; relative, dat. of compound διανοῇ : διανοέε(σ)αι, 2s pres. ἀπολέσαι: aor. inf. ἀπόλλυμι τὸν σὸν μέρος: on your part; acc. respect οἷὸν τε…εἶναι: to be able; ‘to be the sort’ ἐν ᾗ: in which αἱ γένομεναι δίκαι: the decisions made ἐροῦμεν: 1p ἑρέω ( fut. λέγω) |
| Page 088 | πρὸς: to…; i.e. in response to
ἄν…ἔχοι: one would be able, one could; 3s potential opt. + εἶπειν below ἄλλως τε καὶ: especially; ‘both otherwise and’ ὑπὲρ: on behalf of + gen. τὰς δίκας δικασθείσας: the legal decisions decided upon; aor. pass. pple; acc. subj. of inf. εἰμί ἐροῦμεν: 1p ἑρέω ( fut. λέγω) ἠδίκει: ἠδίκεε, impf. ταῦτα: in affirmative replies one often repeats what the previous speaker said νὴ Δία: by Zeus; acc. sg. Ζεύς τί…ἂν: what if…; τί…ἐὰν + aor. subj. protasis in a future more vivid condition; ἂν is an alternative to ἐὰν (S2283) ἦ: truly...?; begins a yes/no question καὶ ταῦτα: these things also ὡμολογητο: plpf. pass. ὁμολογέω ἡμῖν…σοί: by…; dat. of association ἢ: or ταῖς δίκαις: dat. of compound verb αἷς: by whichever; relative, dat. of means δικάζῃ: 3s subj. + ἄν in a general relative clause (hence ‘whichever’) εἰ θαυμάζοιμεν…ἂν εἴποιεν: if…should, they would…; 1p pres. opt. and 3p aor. opt. in a future less vivid condition αὐτῶν…λεγόντων: gen. obj. of θαυμάζω μὴ θαύμαζε: negative command |
Complementary (Supplementary) Participles (2088 ff.)
Some participles complete the sense of a main verb such as τυγχάνω7 times or παύω1 time.
| παῦσαι λέγων: | stop saying (48c2) | τυγχάνει ὄν: | happen to be (49b5) | |
| ἂν τύχωσι ποιοῦντες: | happen to do (44d10, 45d2) | ὤν ἐτύγχανεν: | happened to be (50e8) | |
| τυγχάνῃ ὤν: | happen to be (47b3) | ὡμολογηκὼς τυγχάνω: | I happen to have… (52b7) |
| Page 089 | τὰ λεγόμενα: the things said; pass. pple
ἀποκρίνου: ἀποκρίνε(σ)ο, sg. mid. imperative εἴωθας: you are accustomed; pf. ἔθω χρῆσθαι: pres. mid. inf. χράομαι τῷ ἐρωτᾶν…ἀποκρίνεσθαι: by…; two articular infinitives, dat. of means τί: what…?; interrogative is acc. sg. obj. of the nom. sg. res. pple ἐγκαλῶν ἡμῖν…πόλει: dat. obj. of ἐγκαλῶν ἀπολλύναι: inf. οὐ…ἐγεννήσαμεν: did we not beget…?; a question anticipating a ‘yes’ response πρῶτον: first; adverbial acc. ἔλαβε: 3s aor. λαμβάνω φράσον: aor. imperative φράζω τούτοις ἡμῶν, τοῖς νόμοις: to those laws among us; ‘to these of us, the laws…. ‘ περὶ: regarding… μέμφῃ: μέμφε(σ)αι, 2s pres. mid. + dat ὡς…ἔχουσιν: on the grounds that…; ὡς + pple (dat. pl. pres) expresses alleged cuase. καλῶς: well καλῶς ἔχουσιν: ἔχε (‘holds’ or ‘is disposed’) + adv translates as ‘to be’ + adj. οὐ μέμφομαι…τοῖς: I do not blame (these laws regarding marriages) but those.... ; supply νόμοις φαίην ἄν: I would say; 1s pres. subj. + ἄν is the apodosis of a future less vivid condition that was started in c4 τοῦ γενομένου: of the one born ἑν ᾗ: relative pronoun ἐπαιδεύθης: 2s aor. pass. ἡμῶν: among us; partitive with νόμοι ἐπὶ τούτῳ: for this (purpose) (S1689) τεταγμένοι: pf. pass. pple τάττω |
| Page 090 | καλῶς: well
φαίην ἄν: I would say; 1s pres. subj. + ἄν is the apodosis of a future less vivid condition that was started in c4 εἶεν: well! ; particle from opt. εἰμί ‘let it be’ ἐγένου: ἐγένε(σ)ο, 2s impf. passive ἐξετράφης, ἐπαιδεύθης: 2s aor. pass., ἐκ-τρέφω, παιδεύω ἔχοις ἂν: would you be able; or ‘could you’ potential opt., ἔχοις governs an inf. ἦσθα: 2s impf. εἰμί οὐχὶ: deictic iota (-ι) adds emphasis αὐτός: (you) yourself; nom. without an article is an intensive pronoun, assume σύ τοῦθ ᾿: τοῦτο, nom. subject ἔχει: is; ‘holds’ or ‘is disposed’ + adv. is often translated as ‘to be’ + adj. ἆρα: introduces yes/no questions ἐξ ἴσου: on equal terms; ‘out of equal(ity)’ οἴει: 2s pres mid. οἴομαι τὸ δίκαιον: the just, the right; the article makes this adjective a substantive σοὶ καὶ ἡμῖν : for you and for us ἅττα: whatever; ἅτινα, neut. plural ἂν…ἐπιχειρῶμεν : ἄν + pres. subj. in a general relative cause with ἅττα σε…ποιεῖν : to do…to you; ποιέω governs a double acc., ἅττα and σε σοι: for you; dat. of interest governed by δίκαιον οἴει: 2s pres mid. οἴομαι δίκαιον εἶναι: it is right; ταῦτα ἀντιποιεῖν πρὸς μὲν…τὸν πατέρα: with regard to your father ἐξ ἴσου: on equal terms; ‘out of equal(ity)’ ἦν: 3s impf. εἰμί σοι ὢν ἐτύγχανεν: you happen to have; ‘there happens to be for you,’ dat. possession; τυγχάνω + complementary pple is often translated ‘happens to’ ἅπερ πάσχοις: whatever you experienced; general relative clause, opt replaces ἄν + subj. in secondary sequence, the antecedent is ταῦτα κακῶς ἀκούοντα: being spoken of poorly; ἀκούω is used passively with κακῶς and εὖ (S1593, 1752) |
| Page 091 | οντα: add ἀκού- from the previous page
τυπτόμενον: pass. pple modifies the missing acc. subject of the infinitive ἐξέσται σοι: it will be allowed for you (to act in this way) ; fut. ἐξέστι ἐάν…ἐπιχειρῶμεν…ἐπιχειρήσεις: if we attempt…you will attempt; fut. more vivid (ἐάν + subj., fut. ind.) ἡμεῖς: we; nom. subj. for emphasis ἀπολλύναι: inf. ἀπόλλυμι δίκαιον…εἶναι: that it is just ἡγούμενοι: believing καθ ᾿ ὅσον…δύνασαι: insofar as…; 2s present δύναμαι φήσεις: 2s fut. φημί δίκαια: just (actions) ; inner accusative ὁ…ἐπμελόμενος: nom. in apposition to ‘you’ the understood subject of φήσεις ἢ: or εἶ: 2s pres. εἰμί λέληθέν…ὅτι: it has escaped your notice that…; 3s pf. λανθάνω μητρός…ἁπάντων: than…; gen. of comparison governed by the comparative τιμώτερον πατρὶς: nom. subject of ἐστιν σεμνότερον…ἁγιωτερον: predicate adj. parallel to τιμώτερον ἐν μείζονι μοίρᾳ: in a greater position καὶ παρὰ...καὶ παρὰ: both among…and among |
| Page 092 | ἔχουσι: dat. pl. pres. pple
χαλεπαίνουσαν: modifies f. acc. πατρίδα missing acc. subject of the infinitive ἤ πατέρα: than…; following μᾶλλον ἤ…ἤ: either…or ἃ ἂν κελεύῃ: whatever…; ἄν + 3s pres. subj. in a general relative clause, κελεύω ἐάν…προστάττῃ: if the fatherland orders; ἄν + 3s subj. present general condition παθεῖν: aor. inf. πάσχω ἄγοντα: keeping; acc. sg. pple δεῖσθαι: to be bound; passive inf. ἄγῃ: it leads (him) ; 3s subj. τρωθησόμενον, ἀποθανούμενον: fut. pples of τιτρώσκω, ἀποθνήσκω ποιητέον: (you) must do; ‘(it is) to be done (by you); verbal adj. supply ἐστί ὑπεικτέον…λειπτέον…: see b6 above ποιητέον: (you) must do; ‘(it is) to be done (by you); verbal adj. supply ἐστί ἃ ἂν κελεύῃ: see line 4, although the verb is 3s, the subject is plural, αὐτὴν: her; i.e. ἡ πατρὶς ᾗ: inf. ἀπόλλυμι πέφυκε: is (by nature) ; 3s pf. φύω ὅσιον: (it is) impious πολὺ: far; adverbial acc. or acc. of extent of degree with ἧττον |
| Page 093 | τούτων: than…; gen. of comparison
τὴν πατρίδα: object of βιάζεσθαι φήσομεν: 1p fut. φημί πρὸς ταῦτα: in response to… ἀληθῆ: truth; ἀληθέα, ‘true things,’ τοὺς νόμους: acc. subject σκόπει: σκόπεε, sg. imperative φαῖεν ἂν: would…; 3p potential opt. φημί ταῦτα ἀληθῆ λέγομεν: we speak these things true; ἀληθῆ is a predicative acc. ὅτι: (namely) that…; in apposition to ταῦτα δίκαια: just things, right things; neuter pl. substantives δρᾶν: inf. δράω ἐκθρέψαντες: aor. pple. ἐκτρέφω μεταδόντες: aor. pple μεταδίδωμι ἁμάντων…καλῶν: all fine things; partitive gen. obj. of μεταδίδωμι ὧν (μεταδιδόναι): which…; gen. relative is partitive gen. object of missing inf., the complementary inf. of οἷοί τ ᾿ ἦμεν οἷοι τ ᾿ ἧμεν: ὅιος τε εἰμί ‘is the sort to be’ is translated ‘to be able,’ here impf. σοὶ καὶ...πολίταις: dat. ind. object of pple τῷ…πεποιηκέναι: by creating…; dat. sg. of means, articular inf. (pf. act. ποιέω) Ἀθηναίων: partitive with βουλομένῳ τῷ βουλομένῳ: to the one wishing |
Some Common Uses of ὡς (2988-3001)
| 1. Exclamatory: | ὡς ἡδέως | How sweetly…! | 43b5, also 43b8, 45a7, 53d4 | |
| 2. Relative: | ὥσπερ νυνδὴ ἐγὼ ἔλεγον | just as I just now said | 46d9, + 7 other times | |
| 3. Alleged cause (+ pple): | ὡς οἷος τ ᾿ ὤν | since/on the grounds of being able | 44c1, 50c4… | |
| 4. Purpose (+ fut. pple): | ὡς ἀκούσων | so as about to hear à (in order) to hear | ||
| 5. Superlatives: | ὡς ἥδιστα | as sweetly as possible | 43b6 | |
| 6. Result: | ὥστε σε…λυπεῖν | so that you grieve… | 45c4, also 6 times | |
| 7. Temporal: | ὡς εἰσῆλθεν | when/after (the legal case) entered… | 45e3 | |
| 8. Indirect Statement: | λέγων…ὡς χρὴ | saying…that/how it is necessary | 48e3 |
| Page 094 | δοκιμασθῇ: he was tested into manhood; 3s aor. pass. subjunctive; young men were scrutinized before they were allowed to enter adult political life
ἴδῃ: he saw; 3s aor. subj. ὁράω τὰ....πράγματα: the affairs ᾧ: whomever…; relative, dat. object of ἀρέσκω, pres. subj. + ἄν in a general relative clause ἐξεῖναι: it is possible; inf. ἔξεστιν λάβοντα: that (he) taking…; aor. pple λαμβάνω, acc. modifying missing acc. subject of ἀπιέναι τὰ αὑτοῦ: his own goods; ἑαυτοῦ, a 3rd person reflexive pronoun ἀπιέναι: inf. ἀπέρχομαι ὅποι: to wherever…; relative, dat. object pres. subj. + ἄν in a general relative clause ἐάντε…ἐάντε: whether…or ἰέναι: inf. ἔρχομαι μετοικεῖν: supply τις βούληται ἐλθών: nom. sg. aor. pple ἔρχομαι ὅποι: see above τὰ αὑτοῦ: ἑαυτοῦ, reflexive, see above ὃς δ ᾿ ἂν: and whoever…; general relative clause (relative + ἄν + pres. subj.) ὁρῶν: ὁράων, nom. pres. pple ὁράω ὃν τρόπον: in what way; acc. of respect δίκας δικάζομεν: we make judgments τἆλλα: crasis, τὰ ἄλλα φαμὲν: 1p pres. φημί ὡμολογηκέναι: pf. inf. ὁμολογέω ἔργῳ: by his action(s) ; dat. of means ἡμῖν: with us; dat. association with inf. τὸν…πειθόμενον: and that the one not persuading; acc. subject; the use of μὴ makes the pple condition in sense “that one, if not persuading…” |
| Page 095 | φαμεν: 1p φημί
ὅτι…ὅτι…ὅτι: because..because…because γεννηταῖς οὖσιν: dat. pl. pple εἰμί modifies ἡμῖν; γεννηταῖς is predicate τροφεῦσι: dat. pl. parallel to γεννηταῖς; supply οὖσιν ἡμῖν…πείθεται λαμβάνω, acc. modifying missing acc. subject of ἀπιέναι πείσεσθαι: fut. mid. πείθω προτιθέντων. . . ἐπιτατόντων…ἀλλὰ ἐφιέντων: although…but…; gen. abs. concessive in force with ἡμῶν ἃ ἂν κελεύωμεν: whatever…; ἄν + 1p subj. in a general relative clause, κελεύω δυοῖν θάτερα: one of two (options); τὰ ἕτερα, crasis, neut. acc. pl. often translates as one of a set or pair; dual genitive ταύταις δή: to exactly these; modifies αἰτίαις, ‘charges’ below; dat. pl. of compound verb καὶ: in fact; adverbial ἐνέξεσθαι: will be liable; ‘will be held in’ fut. pass. inf. ἐνέχω εἴπερ ποιήσεις: protasis in a emotional fut. condition (εἰ fut., fut.); the future ind. is used instead of ἄν + subj. (future more vivid) to suggest something undesired ἥκιστα: the least; superlative adverb Ἀθηναίων: partitive gen. ἐν τοῖς: among those; demonstrative; see also 43c7 and below (S1099) εἴποιμι: 1s opt., protasis in a future less vivid condition (εἰ opt.., ἄν opt.) (should, would) διὰ τί δή: why exactly? ; “on account of exactly what” ἄν…καθάπτοιντο: they would accost; i.e. attack, but not physically; + partitive gen.; ἐν τοῖς: among those; demonstrative; see also above and 43c7 (S1099) Ἀθηναίων: partitive gen. ὡμολογηκὼς: nom. sg. masc. pf. act. pple. ὁμολογέω |
| Page 096 | τυγχάνω: I happen; + complementary pple and, in this instance, a cognate acc.
φαῖεν ἂν: 3p potential opt. φημί ὅτι: that…; one expects indirect statement but what follows is direct speech ἡμῖν…ἐστιν: we have; ‘there is to us,’ dat. of possession ὅτι: (namely) that…; in apposition καὶ...καὶ: both…and ἄν…ἐπεδήμεις εἰ…ἤρεσκεν: you would live …if (the city) were pleasing; present contrafactual (were, would) condition (εἰ + impf. ind., ἄν + impf. ind.) ἐν αὐτῇ: i.e. in the city, fem. πόλις καὶ οὔτ ᾿…οὔτε: and neither…nor ἐπὶ θεωρίαν: for…; expressing purpose οὐδὲ...οὐδὲ: neither…nor ἐπιθυμία….εἰδέναι: desire to know…; + gen.; ‘desire of…. to know,’ epexegetical (explanatory) inf. οἶδα is equivalent to an acc. of respect (desire of….in respect to knowing); the genitives are grammatically the object of ἐπιθυμία but are logically the object of εἰδέναι. ἔλαβεν: aor. λαμβάνω |
Dative of Manner (1527)
Otherwise called the adverbial dative, this dative is often translated with the preposition “in” or “with.”
| σιγῇ | in silence (silently) | 43b1 | |
| παντὶ τρόπῳ | in every way | 46a7, 49b5 | |
| κοινῇ | in common | 48d8 | |
| οὐδενὶ τρόπῳ | in no way | 49a3 | |
| τινὶ...τρόπῳ | in some way | 49a5 |
Some dative of manner constructions are adjectives with a missing noun, likely the fem. ὁδῷ, “way.”
| ταύτῃ | in this (way) | 43d7, 47b9, 48a8, 52e2 | |
| πῃ | in some (way) (somehow) | 48d8 | |
| ᾗ | in what (way) | 49a1 | |
| πῃ ἄλλῃ | in some other (way) | 4,90E+02 |
| Page 097 | ἦμεν: 1p impf. εἰμί
ᾑροῦ: ε-αἱρε(σ)ο, 2s impf. mid.; αἱρέω in the middle means ‘choose’ ὡμολόγεις: 2s impf. καθ ᾿ ἡμᾶς: among us τά τε ἄλλα καὶ: especially; ‘both in other respects and,’ acc. of respect ἐν αὐτῇ: i.e. in the city ἐποιήσω: ἐποιήσα(σ)ο, 2s aor. mid ὡς: on the grounds that…; i.e. ‘since’ pple expresses alleged cause δίκῃ: trial ἐξῆν: 3s impf. ἔξεστι φυγῆς τιμήσασθαι: to offer (the penalty) of flight; i.e. ‘exile,’ aor. inf. governs a gen. of price; in the penalty phase of a trial both the prosecutor and defendant offered penalties and the jury chose ἐβούλου: ἐβούλε(σ)ο, 2s impf. mid ἀκούσης…πόλεως: gen. absolute ἑκούσης…(πόλεως): gen. abs., add noun ποιῆσαι: aor. inf. supply impf. ἐξῆν ἐκαλλωπίζου: you showed off; i.e. put on airs; 2s impf. mid., ἐκαλλωπίζε(σ)ο ὡς…ἀγανακτῶν: on the grounds that…; ὡς + pple (nom. sg. pres. pple) δέοι: it was necessary; opt. δεῖ replaces and ind. in secondary sequence τεθνάναι: θνήσκω ᾑροῦ: ε-αἱρε(σ)ο, 2s impf. mid.; ἔφησθα: 2s impf. φημί πρὸ: in place of αἰσχύνῃ: αἰσχύνε(σ)αι, 2s pres. mid. ἐντρέπῃ: ἐντρέπε(σ)αι, 2s pres. mid. διαφθεῖραι: aor inf. διαφθείρω ἅπερ ἂν: whatever…; opt. replaces subj. in a general relative clause in secondary seq. |
| Page 098 | παρὰ: contrary to…
καθ ᾿ ἃς: according to which; κατά συνέθου: συνέθε(σ)ο, 2s aor. mid. συντίθημι πρῶτον: adverbial acc. ἀπόκριναι: aor. imperative. ἀποκρίνομαι τοῦτ ᾿ αὐτὸ: this very thing; intensive ἀπόκριναι: aor. inf. ἀποκρίνομαι ἀληθῆ: truth; ἀληθέα, ‘true things,’ ὡμολογηκέναι: pf. inf. ὁμολογέω ἔργῳ…λόγῳ: in action but not in speech; dat. of respect φῶμεν: are we to say; deliberative subj. πρὸς: in reply to ἄλλο τί ἤ: is it anything else than?; (2652) ὁμολογῶμεν: are we to agree; 1p deliberative subjunctive ἀνάγκη: (it is) necessary ἄλλο τί…ἤ: is it anything else than? ἂν φαῖεν: would say; 3p potential opt. φημί πρὸς ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς: between us ourselves ὑπὸ: out of…; gen. of cause ἀπατηθεὶς: nom. sg aor. pass. pple ἀναγκασθεὶς: nom. sg aor. pass. pple ἔτεσιν: dat. pl. ἔτος ἐν οἷς: in which ἐξῆν: 3s impf. ἔξεστι |
Verbs Beginning with Vowels in the Perfect Tense (442)
These verbs do not have a reduplicated consonant in the pf. stem. Instead, a short vowel is lengthened or a long vowel is augmented. εὐ-ερετέω can be found with or, as below, without the lengthening.
| ἀφῖξαι | have arrived (ἀφ-ικνέομαι) | 43a1, 43c4, 49c9 | |
| εὐεργέτηται | has been done (εὐ-ερετέω) | 43a8 | |
| ὡμολογητο | had agreed (ὁμολογέω) | 50c5 | |
| ὡμολογηκέναι | to have agreed | 51e3, 52d4 | |
| ὡμολογηκὼς | having agreed | 52a7 | |
| ὡμολογημένοις | having been agreed | 53a6 | |
| ἠδικημένος | having been wronged (ἀδικέω) | 54b8 |
| Page 099 | ἀπιέναι: inf. ἀπ-έρχομαι
ἐφαίνοντο: did seem; + inf. εἰμί προῃροῦ: προ-ε-αιρε(σ)ο, 2s impf. mid. προαιρέω ἃς: which very (cities) ; φῂς: 2s pres. φημί πόλεων: gen. pl. πόλις ἐλάττω…ἢ: less…than; ἐλάττο(ν)α, adv. accusative τῶν…Ἀθηναίων: of…; partitive gen. δῆλον ὅτι: clearly; ‘(it is) clear that’ τίνι: to whom…; interrogative ἂν…ἀρέσκοι: would…; potential opt. νῦν δὲ δὴ: but just now; δή modifies νῦν ὡμολογημένοις: pf. pass. pple ὁμολογέω ἐὰν…πείθῃ…ἔσῃ: fut. more vivid condition (ἐάν + subj., fut. ind.); 2s subj. and 2nd sg. fut. deponent εἰμί (ἔσε(σ)αι) ἐξελθών: nom. sg. aor. pple ἐξέρχομαι |
Synopsis Overview: παύω, παύσω, ἔπαυσα, πέπαυκα, πέπαυμαι, ἐπαύθην
| Active | Middle | Passive | |||||
| Pres. | παύω | I stop X | παύομαι | I stop | παύομαι | I am (being) stopped | |
| Impf. | ἔπαυον | I was stopping X | ἐπαύομην | I was stopping | ἐπαύομην | I was being stopped | |
| Fut. | παύσω | I will stop X | παύσομαι | I will stop | παυθήσομαι | I will be stopped | |
| Aor. | ἔπαυσα | I stopped X | ἐπαύσαμην | I stopped | ἐπαύθην | I was stopped | |
| Pf. | πέπαυκα | I have stopped X | πέπαυμαι | I have stopped | πέπαυμαι | I have been stopped | |
| Plpf. | ἐπεπαύκη | I had stopped X | ἑπεπαύμην | I had stopped | ἑπεπαύμην | I had been stopped |
| Page 100 | σκόπει…δὴ: σκόπεε, sg. imperative; δὴ emphasizes the imperative
παραβὰς: nom sg aor pple παρα-βαίνω, τί ἀγαθὸν: what good…; ἐργάσῃ: ἐργάσε(σ)αι, 2s fut. mid. ἤ: or…; joining acc. objects ὅτι…δῆλον: (it is) clear that…; ‘that…(is) clear’ κινδυνεύσουσι: will run the risk + inf.; or will probably’ + inf. στερηθῆναι: to be deprived…; aor. pass. inf. στερέω τῆς πόλεως: from…; gen. separation, gen. sg. of πόλις ἀπολέσαι: aor. inf. ἀπ-όλλυμι σχεδὸν...τι: almost, pretty much αὐτὸς: (you) yourself; intensive modifies the 2s subject ἔλθῃς πρῶτον: adverbial accusative ἐὰν…ἔλθῃς,…ἥξεις: future more vivid condition (ἐάν + subj., fut. ind.) εἰς…τινα: to one…; acc. sg. object τῶν ἐγγύτατα…πόλεων: of the very close cities; superlative adverb behaving as an adj. in the attributive position (S1096) ἔλθῃς: 2nd aor. subj. ἔρχομαι πολέμιος: as an enemy ἥξεις: 2s fut. ἥκω τῇ…πολιτείᾳ: dat. obj. of πολέμιος αὑτῶν: their own; ἑαυτῶν, 3rd person reflexive pronoun σε διαφθορέα: you (to be) corrupter… τοῖς δικασταῖς: for…; dat. of interest ὥστε δοκεῖν: so as to seem…; result cl. |
| Page 101 | δικάσαι: aor. inf. δικάζω
ὅστις: whoever…; antecedent is missing; relative clause ends with ἐστιν δόξειεν ἂν: would…;aor. potential opt. εἶναι: inf. εἰμί, διαφθορεὺς is predicate πότερον…ἢ…ἤ: ….or…? or…?; leave πότερον untranslated φεύξῃ: φεύξε(σ)αι; 2s fut. mid. τῶν ἀνδρῶν: partitive gen. κοσμιωτάτους: superlative adj. ποιοῦντι: dat. sg. pple ποιέω modifies the dat. sg. σοι ἄξιόν: worthwhile; neut. sg. nom. pred. ζῆν: living; infinitive subject. ζάω ἔσται: fut. dep. εἰμί τίνας λόγους…ἤ: what (sort of) conversations… οὕσπερ ἐνθάδε: or just as here; ‘or (the conversations) which (you had) here’ ὡς: (namely) that…; in apposition πλείστου: of very much; gen. of value with ἄξιον ἄξιον: (are) worth; predicate of pl. subjects; supply linking verb οἴει: 2s pres. οἴομαι φανεῖσθαι: fut. mid. φαίνομαι τὸ...πρᾶγμα: the business, the situation γε: yes, certainly; in replies, affirmative; cf. 54b1 ἀπαιρεῖς: 2s fut. ἀπ-αείρω ἥξεις: fut. ἥκω |
| Page 102 | παρὰ: to (the side of); + place to which
γὰρ δὴ: for of course, for indeed (S2820, D243), δὴ emphasizes γάρ ἀκούοιεν ἂν: would…; 3p aor. potential opt. ἀκούω ὡς γελοίως: how laughably…, how ridiculously σκευήν: a disguise; used elsewhere for the costume of an actor or chorus περιθέμενος: aor. mid. περι-τίθημαι relative clause ends with ἐστιν ἢ διαφθέραν…ἢ ἄλλα: either…or; in apposition to σκευήν λαβὼν: nom. sg. aor. pple λαμβάνω οἷα δὴ: exactly which things…; relative εἰώθασιν: 3p pf. ἔθω, present in sense μεταλλάξας: nom. sg. aor. pple ὅτι: that…; obj. of ἐρεῖ below σμικροῦ…ὄντος: gen. abs., pple. εἰμί τῷ βίῳ: in (respect to) life; dat. of respect ὡς τὸ εἰκός: as is likely ζῆν: inf. ζάω παραβάς: nom. sg. aor. pple οὐδεὶς: (there is) no one ἐρεῖ: fut. of. λέγω (ἐρέω) ἂν…λυπῇς: if you do not bring pain to…; ἄν is an alternative to ἐὰν; pres. subj. as the protasis in a fut. more vivid condition ἀκούσῃ: ἀκούσε(σ)αι, 2s fut. middle |
| Page 103 | ἤ: (other) than…
ὥσπερ: as if ἐπὶ...: for…; expressing a goal or purpose ἀποδεδημηκὼς: nom. sg. pf. pple ἡμῖν ἔσονται: we will have…; lit. ‘are for us’ dat. of possession, 3p fut. εἰμί ἀλλὰ δὴ: but actually, but in fact τῶν παίδων: object of ἕνεκα βούλει: βούλε(σ)αι, 2s pres. ζῆν: inf. ζάω ἵνα: so that…; purpose governs the subj., here aor. ἐκτρέφω, παιδεύω τί δέ: what then? ἀγαγὼν: nom. sg. 2nd aor. pple ἄγω θρέψεις: from τρέφω ποιήσας: making (your children)… ἵνα: see line 2; governs 3p subj. here; the children are subject; tone is sarcastic καὶ: also; adverbial τοῦτο μὲν οὔ: (will you) not (do) this αὐτοῦ: here; adverb σοῦ ζῶντος: if…; gen. abs. which is conditional in force, cf. line 6 below βέλτιον: comparative adverb θρέψονται: fut. pass. τρέφω μὴ...αὐτοῖς: if not.. ; gen. abs., μὴ suggests the abs. is conditional in force; pple σύνειμι + dat. of compound verb or dat. of association (S1523) οἱ σοὶ: your; σοὶ is in the attributive position following the article οἱ αὐτῶν: them; i.e. Socrates’ children; the gen. object of ἐπιμελήσονται, which can govern a dative or a genitive object πότερον…ἢ: ….or…?; introduces two options, leave πότερον untranslated |
| Page 104 | ἀποδημήσῃς, ἐπιμελήσονται: future more vivid condition (ἐάν + subj., fut. ind.); here an aorist subj.
εἰς Ἅιδου: to Hades’ (house) ; the gen. with missing acc. is common οὐχὶ: not; the deictic iota intensifies the negation εἴ…ἐστιν: if they are good for anything; lit. ‘if their use is anything,’ αὐτῶν is subjective gen. of ὄφελος (if they profit Socrates) εἴπερ γέ: yes, if at least…; ge is both affirmative and restrictive (D132) φασκόντων: being accustomed to claim; infix σκ suggests that the action is habitual γε: yes, certainly; in replies, affirmative; cf. 53d1 περὶ πλείονος ποιοῦ: consider…of more (importance) ; gen. of value (S1373); ποιε(σ)ο, pres. mid. imperative τὸ ξῆν: articular inf. ζάω ἵνα..ἔχῃς: so that…may... ; purpose + subj. εἰς Ἅιδου: to Hades’ (house) ; see a8 ἐλθὼν: nom. sg. aor. pple ἔρχομαι ἄρχουσιν: ruling; dat. pl. pple ἄρχω φαίνεται: (it) appears… εἶναι: inf. εἰμί ἄλλῳ…οὐδενί: to anyone else; in light of the double negative, translate positively τῶν σῶν: of your (friends) ; gen. pl. σός ἀφικομένῳ: to (anyone)... ; supply a noun ἠδικημένος: pf. pass. pple ἀδικέω; note long ἠ pple even though form is a pple, in the pf., verbs that begin with vowels lengthen the vowel instead of duplicating the consonant (S557, 575) ἄπει: 2s fut. ἀπ-έρχομαι (ἄπ-ειμι) |
| Page 105 | ἐὰν ἀπίῃς: 2s pres. subjunctive. ἀπ-έρχομαι (ἄπ-ειμι) in a future more vivid condition (ἐάν + subj., fut. ind.)
ὑφ ᾿…: by…; gen. of agent governed by ἡδικόμενος ἐὰν ἐξέλθης: 2s aor. subjunctive. ἐξ-έρχομαι in a future more vivid condition (ἐάν + subj., fut. ind.) πρὸς ἡμᾶς: with us; ‘with regard to us’ in the attritutive position with συνθήκας παραβὰς: nom. sg. aor. pple κακὰ: neut. pl. acc. object ἐργασάμενος: governs a double accusative οὓς: whom…; relative, acc. pl. ἥκιστα: superlative adv. ἔδει: impf. δεῖ χαλεπανοῦμεν: χαλεπανέομεν, future ζῶντι: dat. sg. pres. pple ἐν Ἅιδου: in Hades’ (house) εἰδότες: pple οἶδα ἀπολέσαι: aor. inf. ἀπ-όλλυμι τὸν σὸν μέρος: on your part; acc. respect μή…πείσῃ: do not let... ; prohibitive aor. subj., 3s πείθω ἴσθι: sg. imperative οἶδα ταῦτα: neut. pl. acc. object ἀκούειν |
| Page 106 | τῶν αὐλῶν: gen. object of ἀκούειν
ἐν ἐμοὶ: in me αὕτη: this; fem. nom. sg. οὗτος ποιεῖ: make it, bring it about; 3s μὴ δύνασθαι…: so as not to be able…; negative result clause (positive ὥστε) τῶν ἄλλων: gen. object of ἀκούειν ἴσθι: sg. imperative οἶδα ὅσα γε…δοκοῦντα: so far as things (are) seeming now to me; ὂσα is adverbial, and γε is restrictive; cf. 46e3 ἐὰν λέγῃς…ἐρεῖς: future more vivid condition (ἐάν + subj., fut. ind.): 2s pres. subjunctive and fut. λέγω (ἐρέω) οἴει: 2s pres. οἴομαι ποιήσειν: (that you) will do; supply σέ as acc. subject ἔχω: I am able; as often with an infinitive ἔα: sg. imperative ἐάω πράττωμεν: let us…; hortatory subj. ταύτῃ: in this way |